Why We Cannot find 3FA Deployed in 3-Layer Formation?

Hitoshi Kokumai
2 min readDec 3, 2023

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We recently made it clear that involving probabilistic biometrics makes it impossible for us to find MFA configured in a 2-layer formation, as dissected in “Why We Cannot Find ‘Biometrics + PIN’ Configured in ‘2-Layer’ Formation?” (25Nov2023) https://www.linkedin.com/posts/hitoshikokumai_identity-authentication-password-activity-7134018542592544768-Xoag

It would, then, be very natural for some readers to be inquisitive further — What about 3FA and beyond?

Well, we know that 2FA made of a deterministic password/pin and a deterministic physical token, whether PKI-embedded or otherwise, are found in every corner on the globe.

Then, it would not be hard to comprehend that it is the probabilistic biometrics that makes it impossible for 3FA configured in a 3-layer formation to exist.

As the result, no 3FA we see is configured in a 3-layer formation. And, the 3FA involving biometrics inevitably provide the security lower than an all-deterministic 2FA or even 1FA in case multiple-biometrics are involved, while spreading the misperception that it provides the security higher than 2FA.

The same dissection applies to 4FA and beyond it — 4FA weaker than 3FA or even 2FA or 1FA in case multiple biometrics are involve. And we are now witnessing a huge number of people wasting their money, time and energy in order only to bring down the identity security and spread a false sense of security.

Well, as we see in the above, people who promote and adopt the biometrics-involved MFA inevitably have to be trapped in the quagmire, knowingly or unknowingly. Then, how can we rescue those people from the quagmire — There is a clue to it in this post “Because Truly Valid Alternative is Still Hardly Known” (26Nov2023) https://www.linkedin.com/posts/hitoshikokumai_your-password-hygiene-remains-atrocious-activity-7134370086575906817-dvxh

Partnering with skt Swiss, supplier of the most advance quantum resistant cryptography, we can now offer even more solid remedy to all those people.

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Hitoshi Kokumai
Hitoshi Kokumai

Written by Hitoshi Kokumai

Advocate of ‘Identity Assurance by Our Own Volition and Memory’, Inventor of Expanded Password System and Founder of Mnemonic Identity Solutions Limited in UK.

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